nokia history2

Author of "Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited"
Some companies have at least nine lives, it would seem. Nokia wasfounded in southwestern Finland, in 1865, by a mining engineer, one,Frederik Idestam, as a wood-pulp mill. An eponymous town formedaround it. Independently, the Finnish Rubber Works took on the townname in the 1920s, having been established there in 1898.
The Nokia rubber company acquired Finnish Cable Works - anotherenterprise located in Nokia since 1912. In 1967, the three becamethe Nokia Group. In the 1980s, Nokia took over Mobira, Salora,Televa and Luxor of Sweden and became a consumer electronics group -manufacturing televisions and such.
Nokia continued with its acquisitions spree and, in 1987, bought theconsumer electronics operations and part of the component businessof the German Standard Elektrik Lorenz, the French consumerelectronics company Oceanic, and the Swiss cable machinery companyMaillefer. It proceeded to become the largest Scandinavianinformation technology company by digesting Ericsson's data systemsdivision. In 1989, Nokia emerged as a leader in the cable industryin Continental Europe by purchasing the Dutch cable company NKF.
During the 1990s the consolidated group refocused on the mobilephone market and divested all its other businesses.
Sam Vaknin ( http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of MalignantSelf Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the WestLost the East. He served as a columnist for Global Politician,Central Europe Review, PopMatters, Bellaonline, and eBookWeb, aUnited Press International (UPI) Senior Business Correspondent, andthe editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories inThe Open Directory and Suite101.
Until recently, he served as the Economic Advisor to the Governmentof Macedonia.
Visit Sam's Web site at http://samvak.tripod.com
<< ------------- End of Free Reprint Article ---------- >>

nokia history2

Author of "Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited"
Some companies have at least nine lives, it would seem. Nokia wasfounded in southwestern Finland, in 1865, by a mining engineer, one,Frederik Idestam, as a wood-pulp mill. An eponymous town formedaround it. Independently, the Finnish Rubber Works took on the townname in the 1920s, having been established there in 1898.
The Nokia rubber company acquired Finnish Cable Works - anotherenterprise located in Nokia since 1912. In 1967, the three becamethe Nokia Group. In the 1980s, Nokia took over Mobira, Salora,Televa and Luxor of Sweden and became a consumer electronics group -manufacturing televisions and such.
Nokia continued with its acquisitions spree and, in 1987, bought theconsumer electronics operations and part of the component businessof the German Standard Elektrik Lorenz, the French consumerelectronics company Oceanic, and the Swiss cable machinery companyMaillefer. It proceeded to become the largest Scandinavianinformation technology company by digesting Ericsson's data systemsdivision. In 1989, Nokia emerged as a leader in the cable industryin Continental Europe by purchasing the Dutch cable company NKF.
During the 1990s the consolidated group refocused on the mobilephone market and divested all its other businesses.
Sam Vaknin ( http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of MalignantSelf Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the WestLost the East. He served as a columnist for Global Politician,Central Europe Review, PopMatters, Bellaonline, and eBookWeb, aUnited Press International (UPI) Senior Business Correspondent, andthe editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories inThe Open Directory and Suite101.
Until recently, he served as the Economic Advisor to the Governmentof Macedonia.
Visit Sam's Web site at http://samvak.tripod.com
<< ------------- End of Free Reprint Article ---------- >>

nokia history

In 1986, Nokia's new Board of Directors divided Nokia Electronics into three industry groups: Nokia Information Systems, Mobile Phones and Nokia Telecommunications.
Plans for co-operation between Nokia and Televa, a state-owned company, began in 1973. The idea was to build a common domestic ISDN network for transmitting voice, data and video telephone traffic. Initially, Nokia and Televa co-operated through their joint venture company Telefenno, after which Telenokia, a company with Nokia's majority shareholding, was established. Developing a mobile phone industry had been part of Nokia's strategy since 1974. Nokia's major telecommunications customers during 1975-75 included the Postal and Telecommunications Administration, the Helsinki Telephone Company and OKO Bank.
Digital Telephone Exchange, the Predecessor of Mobile Phone Networks
Nokia's telecommunications business was first expanded from cables to radiotelephones, electronic voice and data transmission equipment and, in 1976, to digital telephone exchanges.Soon, Nokia had captured half of the Finnish market for digital telephone exchanges, and exports to the Soviet Union started in 1984.
The same year, Telenokia signed an agreement on production co-operation with the Soviet Union, covering 1986-95. Joint manufacturing was scheduled to start in 1986. With the agreement, Nokia was able to develop its products and keep abreast of the development of digital technology.During the 80s, the telecommunications business began gaining momentum, allowing Nokia's strategy to be defined.
The Finnish telecommunications industry had been undergoing restructuring during the period of 1975-1981. Telefenno Oy, the marketing and telephone exchange technology development company jointly owned by Nokia and Televa, had been established in 1977. Four years later, Nokia acquired a majority in Televa, renaming it Telenokia Oy.At the end of the 80s, Nokia established its own telecommunications R&D unit in Hermia, Tampere. The unit specialized in digital applications and developed many interesting solutions. The commercialization of the data card in 1993 may be considered their real breakthrough.
The Nokia Wireless Data unit was transferred from Nokia's research center to the mobile phone group where the development work got underway for the world's first analog data card, GSM data card, the Communicator, the cellular card phone, as well as numerous applications for these devices.At the time of the NMT breakthrough, Philips, Mobira and Ericsson were the major equipment manufacturers. The first NMT terminals were heavy, bulky and pricey, and never made it to the hands of the ordinary consumer. The world's first true mobile phones were born during 1984-87: Nokia launched the Nokia Talkman and Nokia Cityman, soon to become classics.
In addition to terminal devices, Nokia was also manufacturing base stations and exchanges. In 1984, the Postal and Telecommunications AdmiThe objective was to storm the market on the strength of its mobile phones. Tandy RadioShack, the world's largest consumer electronics distribution chain, started a partnership with Nokia's Mobira in 1983-84. The agreement was to bring Mobira a 20% share of the US market. Nokia also started manufacturing pagers, very popular on the American market at that time, but gave them up in 1990. In 1992, Nokia and Tandy established a mobile phone factory in Texas. Nokia bought Tandy out in 1994.Difficulties in the US market occurred in the guise of incoming calls being charged for, the popularity of pagers and the absence of a digital standard. For these reasons, the US market was quite challenging. In 1995, however, Nokia became the third-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the USA, and the second largest in Europe. And more was to follow.
GSM
The NMT cellular network was built in Finland during 1985-95, after which the era of GSM began.In its time, the Nordic NMT network had been the most advanced in the world and provided an opportunity for solving many basic technical questions such as those associated with roaming. The experience was invaluable for the development of GSM.
The breakthrough of GSM networks and phones began at the end of the 80s. In 1989, Nokia took its first order ever for a GSM network from Radiolinja of Finland. 1991 saw the premiere of the first Nokia-delivered GSM network in Europe. That year, Nokia also announced the world's first production model of a digital GSM phone to be continued by gaurang b. modyauthor:gaurang b. modysend email if you want more to know about nokiae mail:gaurangmodi1@yahoo.comhttp://www.nokia.com